Showing posts with label imperialism. Show all posts
Showing posts with label imperialism. Show all posts

Thursday, September 19, 2013

Thailand and Nationalism

A few unique advantages led to the rather early advent of nationalism in Thailand. A
long and glorious heritage insured that most of the country spoke Thai and subscribed to
the dominant Thai culture, thus making Thailand quite homogeneous compared to some of
its neighbors, like Laos, which contained a vast spectrum of tribal and linguistic
distinctions. As a result, the Thais maintained a strong national identity, both of their
country as Thailand and of themselves as Thai people.

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Geopolitically, Thailand also sat at the border between the British and French spheres of influence, thus allowing Thailand to remain neutral as a buffer zone between the two. Very capable Thai monarchs insured that neither European power gained any advantage in Thailand, even as the country initiated modernizing reforms. Thus, the Thais were able to strengthen their own identity and political order while striving to preserve it from the eroding influence of imperialism.

Wednesday, January 2, 2013

A Language

A Language
By Susan Stewart

 
I had heard the story before
about the two prisoners, alone
in the same cell, and one
gives the other lessons in a language.
Day after day, the pupil studies hard—
what else does he have to do?—and year
after year they practice,
waiting for the hour of release.
They tackle the nouns, the cases, and genders,
the rules for imperatives and conjugations,
but near the end of his sentence, the teacher
suddenly dies and only the pupil
goes back through the gate and into the open
world. He travels to the country of his new
language, fluent, and full of hope.
Yet when he arrives he finds
that the language he speaks is not
the language that is spoken. He has learned
a language one other person knew—its inventor,
his cell-mate and teacher.
                          And then the other
evening, I heard the story again.
This time the teacher was Gombrowicz, the pupil
was his wife. She had dreamed of learning
Polish and, hour after hour, for years
on end, Gombrowicz had been willing to teach
her a Polish that does not and never
did exist. The man who told
the story would like to marry his girlfriend.
They love to read in bed and between
them speak three languages.
They laughed—at the wife, at Gombrowicz, it wasn’t
clear, and I wasn’t sure that they
themselves knew what was funny.
I wondered why the man had told
the story, and thought of the tricks
enclosure can play. A nod, or silence,
another nod, consent—or not, as a cloud
drifts beyond the scene and the two
stand pointing in different directions
at the very same empty sky.
                           Even so, there was something
else about the story, like teaching
a stunt to an animal—a four-legged
creature might prance on two legs
or a two-legged creature might
fall onto four.
                           I remembered,
then, the miscarriage, and before that
the months of waiting: like baskets filled
with bright shapes, the imagination
run wild. And then what arrived:
the event that was nothing, a mistaken idea,
a scrap of charred cloth, the enormous
present folding over the future,
like a wave overtaking
a grain of sand.
                           There was a myth
I once knew about twins who spoke
a private language, though one
spoke only the truth and the other
only lies. The savior gets mixed
up with the traitor, but the traitor
stays as true to himself as a god.

All night the rain falls here, falls there,
and the creatures dream, or drown, in the lair.

Source: Poetry (July/August 2011).  

Monday, November 5, 2012

Digmaang Hapones-Ruso

Tinalo ng mga Hapones ang mga Ruso sa digmaan noong 1904-1905. Dati-rati ang tingin ng mga Asyano sa mga puti at kanluranin ay mataas ngunit dahil sa tagumpay ng bansang Hapon, kanilang napagtanto na may kahinaan din ang mga imperyalistang bansa.

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Ang unang digmaang pandaigdig noong 1914 ay nagdulot ng kaguluhan sa Europa. Dito nasira ang tingin ng mga Asyano sa mga kanluranin na nagbunsod at nagpalakas sa kanilang mga loob na makabuo ng mga kilusan at hukbo na magpapalaya sa kanilang bansa laban sa mga mananakop.

Sa simula ng Ikalawang digmaang pandaigdig noong 1941, madaling napabagsak ng mga Hapones ang mga Ingles, Olandes, Pranses at Amerikano. Dahil dito, ang digmaang ito ay itinuturing na simula ng wakas ng imperyalismo at ang ganap na pag-usbong ng nasyonalismo sa Asya.

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*excerpts taken Tubalado, Larry B.. (2007). Nasyonalismo sa Asya: Tsina, Vietnam, at Korea, Learning Package No. 22. Makati: FAPE.   

Sunday, November 4, 2012

Economic Policies


       One reason why nationalism arose in SEA before WWII was because of economic policies taken by the colonial masters. 

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       The introduction of capitalism into previously self-sufficient economies brought about competition from migrants and instability in the local economies as now they are subjected to the demand and supply mechanism of the world. These resulted in land alienation and indebtedness which led to the formation of nationalist parties to represent their interests. 

       In Indonesia, one of the main reasons why the Sarekat Islam (SI) was set up was to represent the economic interests of locals against the economic dominance of the Chinese and the Dutch. In doing so, it managed to gather together a large following of 360,000 by 1916, merely 3 years after its founding in 1913.

       This case study shows that the Dutch economic policies gave local SE Asians a compelling reason to congregate with such unity and in such large numbers. This paved the way for the formation of more mass-supported political parties in the future and that in turn provided more opportunities for SE Asians to fight for nationalist causes.

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