Taiping Rebellion

Taiping Rebellion

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Digmaang Hapones-Ruso

Tinalo ng mga Hapones ang mga Ruso sa digmaan noong 1904-1905. Dati-rati ang tingin ng mga Asyano sa mga puti at kanluranin ay mataas ngunit dahil sa tagumpay ng bansang Hapon, kanilang napagtanto na may kahinaan din ang mga imperyalistang bansa.

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Ang unang digmaang pandaigdig noong 1914 ay nagdulot ng kaguluhan sa Europa. Dito nasira ang tingin ng mga Asyano sa mga kanluranin na nagbunsod at nagpalakas sa kanilang mga loob na makabuo ng mga kilusan at hukbo na magpapalaya sa kanilang bansa laban sa mga mananakop.

Sa simula ng Ikalawang digmaang pandaigdig noong 1941, madaling napabagsak ng mga Hapones ang mga Ingles, Olandes, Pranses at Amerikano. Dahil dito, ang digmaang ito ay itinuturing na simula ng wakas ng imperyalismo at ang ganap na pag-usbong ng nasyonalismo sa Asya.

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*excerpts taken Tubalado, Larry B.. (2007). Nasyonalismo sa Asya: Tsina, Vietnam, at Korea, Learning Package No. 22. Makati: FAPE.   

Religion and Nationalism

Many SE Asians was extremely religious, because religion provided an emotional anchor through easily understood tenets. In the face of hard times, they became a familiar and potent rallying point for many SE Asians. When rallied, many such groups either evolved into political groups devoted to nationalist aims, or became a source of power exploited by nationalist groups themselves. 


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In Burma, the power of Buddhism as a nationalist force is seen in the “Shoe Incident” of 1916 in Burma, in which the Young Men's Buddhist Association (YMBA), a society of Buddhist intellectuals dedicated to Buddhist education and Burman history, successfully rallied many Burmese to protest against what they perceived to be disrespect against the religious beliefs of the Burmese. They managed to garner so much support that the British were forced to back down on the issue and give the Burmese religious authorities the right to decide what proper decorum within temples was.  


In Indonesia, the earliest nationalist and proto-nationalist (pre-nationalist) movements were often religious in nature. For instance, Sarekat Islam, which achieved a peak membership of 2 million in 1919, began as an economic and religious movement whose leadership was eventually replaced by members whose avowed aim was independence. 

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Economic Policies

       One reason why nationalism arose in SEA before WWII was because of economic policies taken by the colonial masters. 

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       The introduction of capitalism into previously self-sufficient economies brought about competition from migrants and instability in the local economies as now they are subjected to the demand and supply mechanism of the world. These resulted in land alienation and indebtedness which led to the formation of nationalist parties to represent their interests. 

       In Indonesia, one of the main reasons why the Sarekat Islam (SI) was set up was to represent the economic interests of locals against the economic dominance of the Chinese and the Dutch. In doing so, it managed to gather together a large following of 360,000 by 1916, merely 3 years after its founding in 1913.

       This case study shows that the Dutch economic policies gave local SE Asians a compelling reason to congregate with such unity and in such large numbers. This paved the way for the formation of more mass-supported political parties in the future and that in turn provided more opportunities for SE Asians to fight for nationalist causes.

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