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| Filipino expatriates in Europe formed the Propaganda Movement. Photographer in Madrid, Spain in 1890. |
The Propaganda Movement was a literary and cultural
organization formed in 1872 by Filipino émigrés who had settled in Europe.
Composed of Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending Europe's
universities, the organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs
of its colony, the Philippines. Its prominent members included José Rizal,
author of Noli Me Tangere (novel) and El Filibusterismo, Graciano
López Jaena, publisher of La Solidaridad, the movement's principal
organ, Mariano Ponce, the organization's secretary and
Marcelo H. del Pilar.
Goals
Specifically, the
Propagandists aims were:
1.
Representation
of the Philippines in the Cortes Generales, the Spanish parliament;
2.
Secularization
of the clergy;
3.
Legalization
of Spanish and Filipino equality;
4.
Creation
of a public school system independent of the friars;
5.
Abolition
of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced sale of local
products to the government);
6.
Guarantee
of basic freedoms of speech and association;
7.
Equal
opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service;
8.
Recognition
of the Philippines as a province of Spain;
9.
Secularization
of Philippine parishes;
10. Recognition
of human rights
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